Of Mice and Men - George and Lennie Essay Example for Free

Of Mice and Men George and Lennie EssayHow does Steinbeck present the characters of George and Lennie? During the Great Depression of the thirties when America was plunged into financial crisis following the groyne Street Crash of October 1929, levels of unemploy manpowert and p everyplacety were at an all time high. In this ear life was a struggle and the mentality of society became excerpt of the fittest, any man for himself. Migrant workers toured the country in search of labour to provide money for food typicly sent to relatives living on the bread attract elsewhere in America. These men lead lonely and emotionless lives, which are reflected through Steinbecks portrayal of his characters in his famous, yet bleak, 1930s sassyla Of Mice and Men. In the novel, George and Lennies relationship diversifies them from the other ranch workers for the reason that they rely on separately other for support and companionship I got you and you got me. In particular, the hallucin ation they parting of owning their own land, reflects the Ameri force out Dream of being the ringleader of your own life with a level of self-sufficiency.Steinbeck first introduces the reader to George and Lennie at the beginning of the novel a a couple of(prenominal) miles south of Soledad, in the evening of a hot day where rabbits sat as quietly as little gray, sculptured stones. Disrupting the tranquil atmosphere twain men emerged from the path as the place was newly lifeless for a moment. At first, the author presents George and Lennie as natural migrant workers, both wearing denim trousers and carrying tight blanket rolls en route to their next ranch.After creating the impression that the pair are similar, Steinbeck reveals that actually this is non the case crumb him walked his opposite. George in garbs a minor body with strong, sharp features whereas Lennie has a shapeless face and a huge body. Irrespective of their appearance, it is inferred that both George and Len nie are victims of society restless eyes and dragging his feet eternally on guard as well as fatigued from both work and travel.Further into the first chapter, we learn that George has a level of authority over Lennie and it could be suggested that he stands as a father figure to him. As Lennie snorts into the water George sharply gilds him non to racket so much and informs him to never drink water when it aint running. At this moment it becomes evident that Steinbeck intends to present George and Lennie as Master and pet the only way Lennie place cope is to be like a tame dog, tethered always to his master George and never allow out of his sight God youre a lot of trouble. As the pair settle for the night under the stars, Steinbeck uses Lennies character to portray that the pair desire simple possessions I like em with ketchup which they can only exactly dream of having Well we aint got any. In this scene Steinbeck intends to emphasise that George and Lennie are unfortunat e and the reader is able to sympathise with them because radical amenities are taken for granted in society today.The scene also exhibits the fact that although George and Lennie are migrant workers they do not fit the typical profile, this being because during moments of madness George describes what life would be like if he did not have Lennie to take complaint of if he was a lone traveller, a typical migrant worker I could stay in a Cat House all night or set in a family room and play cards. Although George sometimes sees Lennie as an inconvenience it is clear that Steinbeck wishes to present George a companion to Lennie he looked ashamedly as well as liege I want you to stay with me, somebodyd shoot you for a coyote if you was by yourself. This is poignant because it demonstrates that although Lennie confines George in hot water all of the time, George continues to care for Lennie because he knows the consequences of Lennie travelling alone and perhaps is also frightened of being lonely himself that aint no good. In the same chapter, Steinbeck first incorporates the 1930s American Dream An live off the fatta the lan. Lennie makes George tell the familiar story of the small farm he intends to buy, delighting in hearing that he has a future.Evidentially, George does not believe the dream will ever become reality as he rhythmically reels off the words to Lennie as a matter of habit rather than optimism. That said, it is clear that although George does not believe the dream will come true he is thankful to have Lennie by his side somebody to address to that gives a darn about us which perhaps implies that although Steinbeck presents the pair as victims, he also presents them as lucky in the fact that they have each other and care for each other enough to build a firm relationship.To Lennie the dream is all about the rabbits he intends to keep and pet, rather than an locomotive engine of hope which drives George to continue the struggle. Lennie excit es in the idea that one day he will own a rabbit hutch An have rabbits because he is ineffectual to see further than his own desires, however George dreams of simplicities such as how thick the cream is on the milk implying that all he would like is a static home. Regardless of their differences in the importance of aspects ncluded in the dream, their dream bonds them together in a shared goal which is to get a stake so they can buy a little house and a couple of acres. Many migrant workers shared in dreaming of a better future but had nobody to share it with as everyman was for himself, making George and Lennies relationship a rare occurrence.Towards the end of the first chapter, George tells Lennie that if he gets in trouble he should go and hide in the brush until George comes for him I want you to come right here an hide in the brush. This is because George recognises the cyclic nature of Lennies behaviour and uses his slick nature to devise a plan, some intimacy which Lennie would never have thought of doing as he is asleep of his own force play therefore he needs George for survival in the same way a child needs their parents for protection from the outside world. When George and Lennie arrive at the ranch, George reminds Lennie that he is not to speak when they are interviewed by the stamp because the boss will not allow Lennie to work on the ranch if he knows of Lennies mental instability.George excuses Lennies silence telling the boss he got kicked in the head, just aint bright and assures the boss Hes a God damn good skinner. Here, Steinbeck presents George as the juncture of the pair and Lennie as the labourer, it could possibly be inferred that Steinbeck intends to present them as a team rather than Georges one man band with Lennie walking behind because Lennie is strong and can work twice as fast as one man alone, boosting their reputation leading to more work and more reach to add to their savings for the farm.It is also noticeable that the boss has never seen one guy take so much trouble for another guy which infers not only that the boss surprised by George and Lennies relationship but also that because society was hostile and selfish the boss assumed that George was takin his net away. This further infers that relationships were far and few for migrant workers during this era and that Steinbeck intends to present George and Lennie in the way he does because many would overlook the idea of a level of unselfishness during the 1930s.Georges companionship with Lennie staves of loneliness, but it also gives him a role in life he has a clear task, looking after Lennie. When George explains the situation to flimsy in the second and third chapter we kinda look after each other, Slim offers the suggestion that everbody in the whole damn world is scared of each other. Here the author offers the theme of violence because many people had lost the trust of those around them and were prepared to use violence to protect th emselves, their belongings and any pride they had.George is honest with Slim Made me seem God damn smart alongside of him admitting that early on it do him feel superior and he forced Lennie to do stupid things for the fun of it. However as his sense of shame stopped him, George began to realise that he is restricted on Lennie as much as Lennie is dependent on him because who would fight George if they knew they would have to fight Lennie as well. There are positives of George having Lennie, they defy the ethos of everyman for himself and at this arrange it appears this is a key asset in their work.In the middle of the novella, George and Lennie both believe, for a short period of time, that their dream will come true This thing they had never really believed in was coming true due to Candys offer of money for a place on the farm. Steinbeck demonstrates that although both men know their position, they easily become wrapped up in a fairytale unable to predict their fate of grief a nd pain, instead of promised joy. A world-shattering part of the novel showing the devotion of George and Lennies relationship comes when Curley, bringing with him the theme of violence, picks a fight with Lennie.Showing his sense of justice, George wont let Lennie get hurt as he is innocent Get im Lennie, whereas the other men are reluctant to take sides thinking of their own safety first. bewilder with Lennie allows George to recognise Lennies strength and to encourage or discourage the use of it when appropriate. As the novel passes the midpoint when George leaves Lennie at the ranch to go to the local bathhouse with the other ranch pass, Lennie sees the light in Crooks room and curiosity leads him inside.Crooks is not used to visitors in his room because of his black skin intensity which he is heavily discriminated because of by the other ranch hands. He faces segregation and nobody ever wants to talk to him, this is why his bunk is away from the others. Lennie, being unaw are of the social hierarchy I thought I could jus come in is confused as to why Crooks is not wanted and so perseveres in converse with him.Obviously, had George been around to keep Lennie on his tether, the situation would have been avoided. Lennie tells Crooks me an him goes ever place together through this it is apparent that Lennie is totally dependent on George which Crooks sees as an prospect to frighten vulnerable Lennie spose he gets killed or hurt. It is at this point where Lennie shows his sense of protection for George Who hurt George? and he begins to lose control of his strength walking dangerously towards Crooks.Clearly, Lennie believes he should defend George because he is a friend, the man who is going to help him get the rabbits to tend even when George is not around Lennie is constantly thinking about him and his safety, just as George worries for Lennies safety. As the novel draws to the end, Lennies lack of control over his strength becomes paramount. Strokin g Curleys wifes hair, the atmosphere is relaxed and slightly playful as she prompts him to feel how silky it is. When Lennie does not let go and Curleys wife began to panic struggled violently so does Lennie and he began to cry with fright before he broke her neck and she flopped like a fish. Recognising that he has done a bad thing, Lennie acknowledges that he shouldnt have did that. George ll be mad. Significantly, Lennie has no moral judgement and things are good or bad to him depending on what George would think of them George could be perceived as the voice of Lennies conscience. Without George to guide him Lennie is lost, the pair are essential for Lennies survival.At the end of the novel, George becomes aware of the fact that Lennie has become a wild dog, needing to be put down by his owner I know, I know for the best intentions of both men. Features brought to George by his responsibility for Lennie, including his sense of shame and level of benevolence and justice, all combine to force him to shoot Lennie and as Slim confirms, he hadda. Just before George releases the bullet, he encourages Lennie to think about the dream in order to ensure he dies in peace and happiness.This is significant in the relationship between George and Lennie as the other men from the ranch have no leniency for the poor bastard it is only George who believes although Lennie should die, he should die a painless death. Overall, it is clear that Steinbeck presents George and Lennie as accepting victims of the economic crisis of 1930s America. He gives them a dream which should be realistic but is unfortunately out of touch and offers nothing but a chance of hope for better things to come, a reason to keep going.Ultimately, Steinbeck presents the pair as dependent on each other for their own needs. The reasoning behind Steinbecks use of George and Lennie comes from his intention to provide a novel that demonstrates that in the end fate is ways the winner no matter how you p lan to avoid it. In this fiction, Lennie was like the mouse in the title ordain to die from the start as he is not fit for society and unfortunately George has to go on alone for himself because he recognises that with Lennie his too is closer to the hands of fate.

Knowing your Audience Paper and Communication Release Essay Example for Free

Knowing your Audience Paper and Communication Release EssayWhen a familiarity needs to pass tuition to another organization or a radical of people it is very authoritative that the party knows their earshot. If the information is regarding a disaster, it is evening more important to mark sure the association knows their hearing. One example of a alliance needing to know their audience was the Chilean copper mine in S forthh America. On Thursday, August 5, 2010, A collapse of one of the shafts in the Chilean copper mine left 33 workers trapped approximately ccc meters underground. At once, rescue efforts began but just two days later another collapse in the mine halted the efforts of the rescue crews for many another(prenominal) hours (Weik, 2010). In such(prenominal) a black circumstance, the company would need to come great care in how the world found out about the disaster. If not done mightily then the companies audience, the world, would view the company is a a good deal worse light then if they had properly released the information. There are two ways in which the company would be releasing information.The first would be to the families of the workers and the second would be to the other employees and then to the press. The representatives chosen by the company to handle these releases will have to take great care in how it is done to keep the reputation of the company intact, while making sure that all information is truthful and accurate. This disaster touch on many people. Not only did the collapse affect the 33 miners that were in the mine, it also affected the families of those workers. The families were in agony while they waited to hear if their loved ones would make it out alive.It is the mining companies responsibility to make sure the family member are aware of everything that is happening and what is being done to get their loved ones rescued out of the mines safely. This communication process is more important than anything b eing told to the other workers or the press. Not knowing your audience in this first step could prove disastrous overall for the company. Once the families have been informed it is important to let the fellow co-workers know what is happening.Many of the men trapped would have friends who also work for the company and they would want to know what is happening. By making sure the other employees know about what is happening, the company can try to keep them from saying too much to news reporters and it will help ease their minds. Once the employees have been notified, make it clear that all information to the press needs to come from the company. When something is said to an audience that was not properly prepared for that audience, it could have disastrous results.Through the press the company will next have to handle the communication on an supranational level. Be former the mine company was global they were on the world stage. The company owned mines in many other parts of the wo rld, not just in southward America. In a built in bed like this one, rumors began to fly without much hesitation and although rumor control was important with the company, it is impossible to stop. Another aspect of communication that was not very publically known was the communication with the investors, owners and stockholders of the company.It is very important to keep this audience informed with what was going on because if information was withheld then it could potentially cause a panic. Once in panic mode, the investors could damage the company more by stopping funds, dumping assets and plunge the company into bankruptcy. Money is very important to investors and when they receive news about their investments, good or bad, it weighs heavily on how they will react. For the good of the companys future, it was very important that they inform this group personally and not let them hear it from the news organizations covering the story.There are many different ways to deliver commu nications like the ones antecedently reviewed. When speaking to the family members of the workers it is best to do so face to face so they feel important about where they stand in this type of situation. Calling with the information on the phone would seem impersonal and would give the families thoughts that they are not as important. An example of this would be when monetary damages were to be paid to the families of the workers many family members who were not known to the company came forward looking for money (Prengaman, 2010).Whenever a company needs to approach an audience it is vitally important that the company knows who the audience will be and that they tailor their communications to that audience. In the communication should be all the details that can possibly be put in and the company needs to be as truthful as possible. Waiting a long time before a communication is released could also damage the situation further. The best possible way to assure the communication is ef fective is to deliver it in the best format to the audience (Cheesebro, OConnor, Rios, 2010).

Trends in Computer Hardwares Essay Example for Free

Trends in Computer Hardwares EssayIn the last two decades, workes have come to rely more than and more on engineering science, notably with the increased prominence of the PC and the ever demonstrated boundless resilience of the Internet. Whereas, if 10 years ago had these innovations fallen step forward of use, furrowes would not have even worked themselves up, these days virtually all of these companies would have completely grounded to a halt. Indeed, there is not much work any business earth-closet do today without the aid of technology. In the not-so-distant past business defined technology. Today, the question is already of how to use technology in growing the business. The almost familiar computer hardware to most people is the PC. Over recent years since 2000, the PC has basically lead faster with the improvements on the micro chip, which came in various versions designed and released by industry leaders Microsoft, Macintosh, and AMD. Improvements in circuitry ma ke the PC more reliable, while memory capacity is increased. Meanwhile, the physical size has become smaller, though no less powerful, resulting in more compact machines, as well as the rise of more powerful laptops (Computer Hardware, in Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia, 2007). Scott Williams of Hispanic Business Magazine (2004) quoted Christopher Ireland, CEO of consulting firm Cheskin, in that sales in laptops would increase in the succeeding(a) and thus earn a larger parting of the pie of the PC-buying dollar. According to him, sales volume for laptops was less than 25 percent in January 2000, which shot up to 54 percent in 2003.As can be observed even by the non-specialists, the trend in computer hardware development has moved towards faster, smaller, cheaper getting better, overall. As far as the hardware merchandise leave behind go, Gartner, Inc. released in 2003 their predictions on the hardware market trend in the Asia Pacific Region over a 4-year period, specifically fo cusing on client-part, server, retentiveness and documentation hardware. The report graphed the PCs to dominate most market sales, while workstations would tend to be the least purchased. Market for all the mentioned hardware was said to peak at 2005, and then gradually decrease into 2007 (Wu, 2003). The benefits for the business world from the onset of technological developments, therefore, are two-sided it affects both vendors of computer products and the corporate consumers who use the products.As for the correspond time, technologies continue to become more sophisticated and expand possibilities in communication and business, as well. Advancements in wireless technology have resulted in greater connectivity. move improvements on the USB have led to the Certified Wireless USB, which will utilize the connectivity of Ultra-wideband (UWB) radio technology.Wireless USB revolutionizes the interoperable connections and brings it into the wireless world (Universal Serial Bus USB, 200 7). UWB, meanwhile, is a recent short- innovation in low-power, short-range wireless technology, specifically designed for wireless personal area networks (WPANs). It functions similarly to Bluetooth, but enables the transmission of high-bandwidth data like video and audio between devices, and complements longer range technologies (Intel Corporation, 2007). Arguably the second most familiar gadgets after the PC, mobile phones and handheld devices are among the rapidly morphing technologies in recent years. Along with increased mobility, features like a colored display, built-in digital camera, mp3 player and internet access are among the latest innovations, and are undergoing console more transformations yet. A new technology expected in the near future in cell phones and handhelds is an Organic Light Emitting Device (OLED) display, which is self-luminous and does not admit backlighting (Williams, 2004). The development of technologies closely related to business has evolved, as well. One of the big challenges to companies is the storage of massive amounts of information that is sustainable, secure, and into as less space as can be managed. As information pours out from more and more channels, humans cannot react to the volumes of data that needs to be managed.Now more than ever, businesses need the applications in information technology to store and manage incredible amounts of data in a scalable manner. A concept that is emerging in talks among business analysts is virtualization. One of its perceived functions is running multiple virtual servers so as to no longer add new servers when running new applications. This method will help reduce costs in the future, and is actually more feasible as companies become more swamped with market data (Wall Street and Technology, 2006). Technologies involved in business are ever more reaching new heights. The endless possibilities that pour from the Internet, for one, creates a more active and challenging environment for businesses, especially in information management. Accenture.com (2007) recognizes four major trends that will shape information technology, in relation to business, three of which relate to hardware. Regarded the most significant trend on the apparent horizon is the large-scale adoption of service-oriented architectures (SOAs).It is said to have the potential to alter the fundamental structure of businesses and the information industry, and the software industry as well. The adoption of SOAs will eventually mean simpler systems and lower costs for CIOs. With the growing demands for information processing and storage, technology for business is moving towards an abundant era of infrastructure. The world of technology will obtain an increase in the number and type of embedded devices, and with the demands of SOA, infrastructures must be dynamic and flexible. Information management will be challenged by the massive development in information, especially due to the emergence of r eal-time information from sensors and embedded devices that existing databases cannot handle. Companies will become more dependent on external information, which is beyond their control. The major consequence of these trends would be virtualization, ultimately digitizing communication and information. Accenture.com predicts it will industrialize information technology on all levels. Ultimately, the matter is not really whether future trends in computer hardware, and technology for that matter, help or hurt businesses in the long run. Companies essentially need technology to be able to keep adrift(predicate) in the sink-or-swim world of business. It is, rather, about learning to read technological trends and applying insights gained from them, as applicable in the companys affairs. The company should know, then, its technological requirements. It is applying technology inappropriately or unnecessarily, or failing to do so, that would hurt business, not technology in itself. After al l, in these times, it is technology that drives business to evolve.ReferencesAccenture.com (2007). Major Trends That Will model IT. Retrieved February 12, 2007, from http//www.accenture.com/Global/Services/Accenture_Technology_Labs/Services/FromIT.htmAnthes, G. (2006, May 1). Computer Science Looks for a Remake. Retrieved February 12, 2007, from http//www.computerworld.com/securitytopics/security/story/0,10801,110959,00.htmlBetts, M. (2002, November 18). The Next Chapter The Future of Hardware. Retrieved February 12, 2007, from http//www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleTOCspecialReportId=120articleId=75887Blu-Ray record book (2007). In Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 12, 2007, from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_DiscClark, T. (2007, January 24). Surging Electronic Trading Volumes and Reg NMS Require Financial Firms to Enhance Underlying Technology Infrastructures. Retrieved February 12, 2007, from http//www.wallstreetandtech.com/show Article.jhtmljsessionid=K0135AL3OVGAGQSNDLOSKH0CJUNN2JVN?articleID=197000218Computer Hardware (2007). In Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 12, 2007, from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware amusing Relationship Between Technology and Business in Startup Companies (2004, March 4). In Viewpoint of an Entrepreneur A Business Intelligence Software Blog. Retrieved February 12, 2007, from http//blogs.ittoolbox.com/bi/entrepreneur/archives/funny-relationship-between-technology-and-business-in-startup-companies-517?sp=CMHayes, F. (2002, November 18). The Story So Far Hardware. Retrieved February 12, 2007, from http//computerworld.com/hardwaretopics/hardware/story/0,10801,75888,00.htmlHistory of Computing Hardware (2007). In Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 12, 2007, from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware_(1960s-present)Intel Corporation (2007). Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Technology. Retrieved February 12, 2007, from http//www. intel.com/technology/comms/uwb/Mid-Hudson Library System (2002). Future Trends. Retrieved February 12, 2007, from http//midhudson.org/resources/administration/trends.htmUniversal Serial Bus (2007). Certified Wireless USB from the USB-IF. Retrieved February 12, 2007, from http//www.usb.org/developers/wusb/Wall Street and Technology (2006, July 19). Equities Market, Technology Infrastructure and realistic Servers Are Top-of-Mind for ISE SVP. Retrieved February 12, 2007, from http//www.wallstreetandtech.com/search/results.jhtmljsessionid=DMSJCSVYBCV3GQSNDLRSKH0CJUNN2JVN?site=500004sort=datequeryText=virtualizationxse.x=0xse.y=0Williams, S. (2004). Top Trends. Hispanic Business Magazine. Retrieved February 12, 2007, from http//www.hispanicbusiness.com/news/newsbyid.asp?id=16030cat=Magazinemore=/magazine/Wu, J. (2003, July 15). Asia Pacific, 2003 Hardware Forecast. Retrieved February 12, 2007, from http//www.gartner.com/teleconferences/attributes/attr_46494_115.pdf

Tourism And Regional Development In Romania Tourism Essay

Tourism And Regional Development In Romania Tourism Essay1. IntroductionConsidering its by and large acknowledged economical and social effects, tourism represents a sector of great interest to many countries development st putgies (Zanina, 2011), (Egan 2003). The positive impact of tourism development is ordinarily addressed in connection with the balance of payments, divisional development, diversification of the economy, income levels, nation revenue, employment opportunities (Pearce, 1991). The tourist life cycle, the local tourist strategies and policies, the use of information and converse technologies in promotion campaigns, etc. have an important influence in this context (Quian, 2010), (Hu, 1996).As far as areaal development is concerned, tourism is seen as a driver able to turn to good account the slight developed regions potentiality and, thus, to contribute to a more balanced distribution of economic activities over time and space as well as to the co-ordination o f various policies in an inter-sectorial perspective (Nijkamp, 1999), (Constantin and Mitrut, 2008). It can also bring about encouraging responses to the promontory of regional competitiveness, based on the positive influence on regional employment and income. As a reply of the indirect and induced effects, tourism generates jobs non only in its own sector, but also in connected sectors such as financial services, retailing, telecommunications, etc. However, the regional multipliers record significant variations, depending on the characteristics of each region, locality, project, etc. so that c beful analyses are recommended in order to promote those projects able to generate the most important benefits to the region.Highly beneficial are the coastal, mountainous, urban and historic regions as well as those with exquisite inherent resources. On the other hand, regions with disparate profile such as rural regions promoting putting green tourism, leisure and nature activities, the remote aces or undergoing industrial restructuring can also benefit from tourism growth (OECD, 1999)A focus on the factors that influence tourism development is also required in this respect, considering that, depending on the regional profile in harm of tourist attractions and economic situation, they might have a different significance at bottom the corresponding strategies (Aghdaie and Momeni, 2011 Fletcher and Cooper, 1996).Thus, Crutch and Ritchie (2005) quoted by Koufodontis et al. (2007) place a special emphasis on the physical, economic and social factors embedded in the so-c bothed regions image. Among them, the backup factors and resources such as understructure, accessibility, facilitating resources (human, knowledge and financial capital), hospitality, and factors political will seem to play a special character reference.Only infrastructure alone, to mention one of them, is a multifaceted factor, with manifold implications. It is considered a component of the regional tourist product, comprising basic devices, buildings and service institutions of a major importance for economy and society. The main defining elements relating to a certain destination refer to appointment facilities, gastronomy facilities, apotheosis to destination, services for active leisure (e.g. ski resorts, sailing schools, golf clubs, etc.), retail network, other services (e.g. information, equipment term of a contract companies, etc.) (Panasiuk, 2007).From a broader perspective, the Travel and Tourism scrap Report prepared by the human Economic Forum (2011) has developed a complex, overall competitiveness great power made of three main sub major poweres, namely regulatory framework, business environment and infrastructure and human, cultural and natural resources. Again, if reference is made to the business environment and infrastructure component, the corresponding subindex takes into consideration the by-line pillars air transport infrastructure, ground tra nsport infrastructure, tourism infrastructure, information and communication technical infrastructure, price competitiveness in transit and tourism industry.Consequently, the regional policy measures meant to improve the frame conditions for tourism development at regional and local level play a key role they should constitute a coherent package, including economic, legal, institutional, infrastructure, cultural and social elements. The aim of the package must be the definition of a regional profile, stressing and taking advantage of precise feature of each local area (Funck and Kowalski, 1997).Based on these overall considerations our paper aims to discuss the tourism development factors proposing Romania as a relevant shield study from two complementary perspectives on the one hand, it displays an uneven regional development, which requires appropriate solutions in terms of regional strategies and policies on the other hand the less developed regions have an important tourist p otential, which might and should be turned to good account in order to reduce the gap separating them from the developed ones. Though, scorn this potential the go outs are far behind the expectations, so that the study of the factors that still need a special consideration is highly required.In line with the proves provided by the World Tourism Organization via the country arraying in terms of Travel and Tourism Competitiveness index occur (Blanke and Chiesa, 2011), which indicate the anemic infrastructure as one of the major obstacles for the development of the tourism in Romania, we have proposed and tested a model able to quantify and shed light on the regional disparities in this respect.Accordingly, the paper is organized as follows. First, a review on the tourism development in Romania is provided, emphasizing the disparities betwixt its eight NUTS 2 regions. Second, a couple of econometric models are elaborated and tested in order to evaluate the impact of infrastruct ure on tourism activity, revealing the specific bottlenecks at regional level. Third, various solutions for tourism support, focusing on those able to surmount the infrastructure hurdle are discussed.2. General discussion on tourism development in RomaniaThe evaluation of Romanias tourist patrimony relies on a comprehensive activity of tourist zoning that was first developed in 1975-1977 and past extremityically updated. Considering tourism as a system at national scale it has aimed at establishing a model for evaluating, constructing a hierarchy and proposing the most fit ways of turning the tourist patrimony to good account. Multiple criteria have been used in order to delimit the tourist zones and to propose the priority actions in each specific case. As a result, a wide range of tourist zones have been identified, some of them of a particular importance to the European and worlds natural and cultural heritage.Thus, the natural patrimony includes the Delta of Danube as biosp here reservation, the Roumanian shore of the Black Sea, the Romanian Carpathians, North Oltenia, Banat area, the Danube Valley, and so on. The most representative areas for the cultural heritage are North Moldova (with monasteries and churches declared worlds heritage by UNESCO), the gothic core of Brasov and Sibiu cities in Transylvania, the medieval fortress of Sighisoara also in Transylvania (the only one still populate in Europe), Bucharest and its surroundings, the Greek, Dacian and Roman archaeological sites in Dobrogea and Transylvania, the Neolithic archaeological sites in Moldova most of them located in extremely attractive areas from natural apricot viewpoint as well.More recently, the Spatial Planning of the National Territory has structured the zones of a major tourist potential into two categories, namely (1) zones of a highly valuable and complex tourist potential (24% of the national territory), which includes national parks and biosphere reservations, protected national areas, cultural patrimony of national and international interest, museums and autobiography houses, spa resourcesi (2) zones of a high tourist potential (34% of the national territory), with natural and cultural patrimony resources of especially national interest.An important characteristic of Romanias natural and cultural-historic patrimony is its relatively well-balanced territorial distribution that has a particular significance especially for the lagging regions, with other economic activities less developed.Based on its potential contribution to the general economic recovery, competitiveness and reduction of interregional disparities tourism is approached by all significant actors population included as one of the priority sectors of the Romanian economy. All governments after 1990 have included tourism development in their strategies, this interest being reflected by its privatization prior to other sectorsii. Though, the results preserve in the prevail fifteen historic closure are far below the expectations the rate of tourism growth is under the economic growth rate and the contribution of tourism to gross domestic product is pretty low (2.3% in 2005 and approx. 2.0% in 2009 according to the methodology of the National Institute of Statisticsiii.).According to the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index launched by the World Economic Forum in March 2007 Romania was ranked the 76th among 124 countries in 2006, with a score of 3.91 on a scale from 1 to 7. In 2011 the overall rank of Romania is 63, with a score of 4.17. With its three pillars referring to travel and tourism regulatory framework, business environment and infrastructure and human, cultural and natural resources, the index reveals relatively good results in terms of policy rules and regulations, price competitiveness in travel and tourism industry, human resources (education and training, workforce wellness), natural and cultural resources and quite poor results in terms of environmental regulation, air transport infrastructure, ICT infrastructure, availability of qualified labour. As a result, about Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index Romania is behind almost all former or current EU candidate countries such as Estonia (score 4.88 and rank 28), Czech Republic (4.77 and 35) , Slovakia (4.68 and 37), Hungary (4.54 and 40), Slovenia (4.64 and 44), Bulgaria (4.39 and 54), Poland 4.38 and 63), etc. and, respectively, Croatia (4.61 and 38), Turkey (4.37 and 52) (Source The Travel Tourism Competitiveness Report 2011, World Economic Forum, Geneva, 2011).3. Some comments on the good turn of departures and arrivals of international tourists in RomaniaRomanian tourism has seen important exchanges during the transition from mean economy to market place economy. Table 1 presents a series of indicators compute in order to characterize arrivals and departures of tourists in Romania during the period 1990 to 2010, and also during the political cycles in t his period. Statistical indicators are computed on the total number of tourists and transport categories.Table 1. The dynamic of the arrivals and departures of tourists for Romania (%)IndicatorIndex/rhythmTime period for the indicator1990-20101990-19921993-19961997-20002001-20042005-2010Arrivals of tourists in RomaniaTotalIndex change114.898.090.0102.2133.7128.4The clean one-year rate of change0.7-1.0-3.50.710.25.1 avenue transportIndex change161.0131.594.598.9149.1133.4The average annual rate of change2.414.7-1.9-0.414.25.9Railway transportIndex change9.548.049.0110.664.772.8The average annual rate of change-11.1-30.7-21.23.4-13.5-6.2Air transportIndex change448.0113.7147.2122.9100.0132.1The average annual rate of change7.86.613.87.10.05.7 ship transportIndex change63.657.4110.382.5137.882.4The average annual rate of change-2.2-24.23.3-6.211.3-3.8Tourists departures from RomaniaTotalIndex change96.796.753.4102.3108.8152.7The average annual rate of change-0.2-1.7-18.90.82.98.8Road transportIndex change98.6114.446.5107.6118.2137.9The average annual rate of change-0.16.9-22.52.55.76.6Railway transportIndex change7.844.174.369.034.687.8The average annual rate of change-12.0-33.6-9.4-11.6-29.8-2.6Air transportIndex change911.357.4184.1132.1127.0274.1The average annual rate of change11.7-24.322.69.78.322.3Ship transportIndex change16.824.8144.082.738.351.4The average annual rate of change-8.5-50.212.9-6.1-27.3-12.5Figure 1. The ratio between the number of arrivals and departures of tourists in Romania during 1990 2010During the period 1990 2010 the two indicators, departures and arrivals of tourists have evolved quite different. Over the period 1990 2010 the number of arrivals of tourists in Romania recorded an increase of 14.8% with an average annual rate of 0.7%. For the same period, departures of tourists fell by 3.3% with an average annual rate of -0.2%. Figure 1 shows the evolution of ration between the annual number of arrivals and departures of tourists for Romania in the period 1990 to 2010. The values of this ratio for the entire period are subunit which shows that throughout the analyzed period, the annual number of tourist arrivals in Romania was lower than the number of tourists departures from Romania.During the analyzed period, the entropy series of the number of departures and arrivals of foreign tourists in Romania are non-stationary, and they are integrated of order 1. Table 2 presents the results of applying the ADF (Dickey and Fuller, 1979) and Philips-Peron (Philips and Peron, 1988) tests used to determine the properties of stationarity and to determine the order of integration of the two data sets.Table 2. Unit root testsVariablesDickey-FullerPhilips-PerronL social movementtrend1YesYes0NoNo3YesYes2YesYesThe null hypothesis H0 is non-stationarity of the variable. For each case the statistics value is specified and statistical probability of a type I error in given between brackets.Here, N_DEP_T means the number of de partures during a time period and N_ARRIV_T designates the number of tourist arrivals during the same period.The two tests indicate non-stationarity of the data series of the number of departures and arrivals of foreign tourists in Romania. These series are non-stationary in levels but are stationary in first difference which shows that the two series are I(1). Furthermore, arrivals are stationary around a deterministic trend, while departures dont have this property. These properties are confirmed by applying two statistical tests ADF and PP.In the following we mention some of the most plausible explanation of these evolutions. Firstly, political changes in 1989 caused an increase in the number of Romanian tourists who went abroad in the first years that followed. Secondly, the accession to the European Union caused a considerable increase in the number of Romanian tourists who went abroad, this being an immediate consequence of the free movement within the European Union. The larg est growth of Romanian tourists who went abroad occurred in the 2005-2010 period of time. During this period the average annual growth rate was 8.8%, this growth being the immediate result of the accession to EU starting on January 1, 2007. The number of Romanian tourists who went abroad in the first three years of accession was 23.8%, 46.78% and 31.6% higher compared with 2006.Thirdly, the evolution of the number of Romanian tourists went abroad was caused by an increase in the average prosecute in the economy. During the period 1990 2010 the average annual growth rate of the average earnings in the economy was 0.82%. The most significant increase occurred in the periods 2001 2004 and 2005 2010 for which the annual average increases were 7.85% and 11.37%. Table 3 presents the results of the sodbuster test applied to determine if in that location is a Granger causal descent between the number of departures and the evolution of the average wage in the economy (N_NAW). The resu lts confirm that the evolution of the average wage in the economy Granger causally determined the number of Romanian tourists who went abroad. By applying this statistical test we also established that there is no Granger causality between the number of tourists departures and arrivals.Table 3. Granger causality analysis between the number of departures, number of arrivals, and average net wage in the economy.theoryF statisticsDecisionN_DEP_T does not Granger Cause N_NAW0.09994N_NAW does not Granger Cause N_DEP_T5.68426N_DEP_T does not Granger Cause N_ARRIV_T0.32140There is no causal relationship between variablesN_ARRIV_T does not Granger Cause N_DEP_T0.574624. Features of regional tourism developmentOne of the main reasons of this unsatisfactory overall image is the insufficiency and bad state of both general and tourism-specific infrastructure, unable to meet the requirements of a modern, internationally competitive tourism. Other disfavouring factors in the last fifteen years ha ve envisaged the rigidity of tourism administrative structures, the social instability, the poverty which the majority of population is confronted with, the deficient supply of food, fuel and other goods absolutely necessary to a proper tourism, the low managerial competence and tourism personnels behaviour, the image of Romania abroad, various environmental damages.Some of these drawbacks have been partially alleviated as a result of including tourism development as one of the priorities of the National Development Plan since 1999 (when the first plan was launched) and, consequently, of supporting it via national budget as well as EU pre-accession instruments (e.g. Phare).The investment and solicitude efforts in tourism made it possible to stop the decrease in the total activity volume of this sector recorded between 1990 and 2000 and an upward trend has been recorded starting from 2001. Table 4 shows the average annual rates of three important economic indicators used to characte rize the tourism activity at national level and each of the eight development regions appointment electrical capacity (AC), staying over wickedness (SON) and arrivals (A). The annual average rates are calculated for 1990 2010 period of time, and the electoral cycles of this period 1990-1996, 1997 2000, 2001 2004 and 2005 to 2010.Table 4. The evolution of the main indicators of tourism between 1990 and 2010RegionAccommodationCapacity (AC)(number of beds) 2010Staying over night (SON)2009Arrivals (A)2009IndicatorAverage annual growth rate1990-20101990-19961997-20002001-20042005-2010 northeastern United States2127915095501509550AC-0.80-4.62-2.420.412.60SON-4.45-10.88-6.434.961.38A-4.77-11.05-3.151.941.26 selenium1368744237284423728AC-0.86-3.130.20-0.300.58SON-3.65-9.43-4.594.451.09A-5.92-10.79-3.66-1.23-3.68South2262516743661674366AC-0.86-2.13-1.881.800.30SON-4.32-9.95-6.081.790.76A-4.73-10.19-6.590.44-1.89 southwesterly1641014416041441604AC-2.34-7.05-3.68-3.122.26SON-5.27-11.09-8. 982.242.31A-5.29-12.69-1.84-1.90-2.60West2325716764961676496AC-0.56-2.73-0.85-1.881.78SON-4.48-12.463.32-0.331.82A-4.58-12.053.130.10-2.24North-West2610320985892098589AC-0.54-1.55-1.18-0.830.06SON-3.72-10.36-3.325.40-0.03A-4.38-12.560.161.61-2.16Centre4202926652982665298AC-0.26-3.15-1.61-0.273.45SON-3.23-7.74-3.975.640.11A-4.46-10.14-5.360.94-1.07Bucharest-Ilfov2312018357791835779AC2.99-5.35-3.847.4915.55SON-0.65-8.67-10.2314.374.46A-2.59-11.97-10.6712.005.51Romania1885101732541017325410AC-0.61-3.20-0.83-0.301.92SON-3.59-9.86-4.944.971.42A-4.85-11.20-3.460.69-1.46Data source NIS TEMPO 2011 and the authors processing of data for SON and A the rhythms are calculated for the period 1990 to 2009.We highlighted the following aspects of the evolution of the considered indicators on national level and for the eight development regions on the 1990-201 periodthe average annual growth rate of the accommodation capacity of 2.99%, was recorded only in the Bucharest Ilfov region, in all other r egions it have declined between -0.26% annual average in the Central region and -2.34% in the South West region at national level the decline was -0.61% on average each yearin all develop regions there has been an annual average decrease in the number of overnight corset over the whole period 1990 2009. The annual average decrease of this index value among regions ranged between -5.27% in South-West and -0.65% in the Bucharest-Ilfov region. Nationally there was a decrease in the annual average number of overnight stays of -3.59%the number of arrivals over the 1990-2010 period decreased every year with an average of -4.85%. The annual average rate for the eight regions ranged from -5.92% in the South East region to 2.59% in the Bucharest Ilfov regionthe most significant decrease for the three indicators in most regions were recorded during the first two election cycles between 1990 to 2000. Since the period 2001 2004 there is a noticeable stabilization and a relative increase of values for the three indicators both at national and regional level.This tendency is correspond with the overall evolution of the Romanian economy, which has recorded an important economic growth during 2000-2008 period (annual growth rates were above 5%). During the 2001 2004 period the annual average GDP growth was 6.0% and for the period 2005 to 2010 it was 3.9%. The economic growth rate during 2005 2010 has been reduced significantly due to economic crisis that affected the Romanian economy in 2009 and 2010. In the period following the political changes of 1989 a reduction of the values of above mentioned three indicators has been recorded at both national and regional levels because of the following reasonsthe number of employees in the economy has significantly decreased and thus the number of employees who requested a ticket for rest and treatment by union decreased. In the planned economy era unions distributed a considerable number of tickets for rest and treatment to its members. Many times the employees right to such a ticket turns into an obligation to demand it. Under these conditions a large number of spa resorts have completely closed their accommodation capacitiesa significant number of Romanians have preferred expending the holiday in other countries, mostly in Greece and Turkeypublic road infrastructure and railways has not developed to the level required by Romanian and foreign tourists. The average annual increase in length of public roadsteadtead during 1990 2010 was only 0.62%, and the length of railways was reduced on average by -0.25% annually.The accommodation capacity in use increased by 8.39% at national level as a result of the major increase in Bucharest-Ilfov region. approximately of the other regions recorded smaller or bigger increases and only in the South region the accommodation capacity in use decreased. This is a result of the restructuring and modernization of the tourism capacity inherited from the communist per iod. The progress is visible in term of increase in the share of higher quality modular capacities (3-5 star capacities), especially after 2000 (Baleanu et. al., 2008) (Olteanu, 2011).As far as the distribution by region of the accommodation capacity is concerned, an important disequilibrium can be advantageously noticed between the South-East region and the rest of the country, which is explained by the high concentration in the Black Sea area (Secara, 2010). However, the use of the accommodation capacity in this area is characterized by a big seasonality.The number of arrivals and staying over night has recorded different evolutions the number of arrivals increased whereas the number of staying over night decreased, especially in the seashore area. These figures not only reflect the increase of the weekend tourism but also the increase in the number of tourists who chose as seashore destinations other countries such as Bulgaria, Turkey, and Greece (Olteanu, 2011).The index of us ing the accommodation capacity has a slightly increasing overall trend, as a result of combining important decreases (especially in the Black Sea area and Bucharest), but it has a relatively low overall level only approximately one third of the accommodation capacity is used (Table 5).Table 5. The index of using the accommodation capacity in function in 2007 compared with 2000 (percentage)Region20002008North-East31.729.3South-East44.842.5South28.932.8South-West42.641.2West36.335.1North-West29.932.7Centre28.030.0Bucharest-Ilfov36.324.6Romania35.236.0Source Territorial Statistical Yearbook of Romania, 2009Romanian tourism in general is still confronted with the out-of-date and insufficient infrastructure, unable to offer proper access to architecture monuments, archaeological sites, to meet the demand of parking lots, information points for cultural sites, belvedere points for defence walls, medieval fortresses, churches, monasteries, camping lots for pilgrims, etc. Also the connecte d facilities hotels, motels, restaurants, gas stations, car rental firms are still behind the demand. The transportation infrastructure is particularly weak in all its forms road, rail, naval and air, with an emphasis on road infrastructure the highways are almost inexistent while the modernized roads are insufficient and voiceless especially around the Capital city (Table 6).Table 6. The density of public roads and modernized public roads (Km/100sq Km) in 2008RegionPR/100kmpMPR /100kmpNorth-East36.69.34South-East30.76.64South36.511.79South-West36.512.56West32.19.17North-West35.48.39Centre31.48.17Bucharest-Ilfov48.936.37Source Territorial Statistical Yearbook of Romania, 2010In almost all regions the public roads have a low density, whereas the modernized public roads represent less than one third out of total. The exception is the Bucharest-Ilfov region, where the density is higher than in the rest of Romania and the modernized public roads represent approximately 60% of the to tal length at country level. For comparison, in 1998, the density of public roads was 165.45 in Denmark, 64.75 in Germany, 51.29 in Sweden (referinta).The importance of public roads is explained by the fact that a big share of tourist activity in Romania is back up by road transportation. Thus, according to NIS da

Saudi Education System

Saudi-Arabian grooming SystemThe previous chapter sought to clarify the look for motivation, presented the rationale for the study and proscribedlined the specific research questions. Given that this work was chthoniantaken in Saudi Arabia, it is pertinent to post an over attitude of the Saudi preceptal activity system federal agencyicularly its general characteristics, structure, broadcast being used in it. This chapter provides general footing regarding the basic objectives of the Saudi reproduction system. The strategies it employs for its on going suppuration and advancement.2.2 The Saudi tuition System A brief preview preparation in all parts of Saudi Arabia was traditional until the late nineteenth century, the education was mainly restricted to reading, writing and recitation of the Quran. Higher education in religious studies existed only when in the main cities of Saudi Arabia. The beginning of the Modern facts of life took place towards the end of the ninet eenth century in the then Ottoman provinces of Hijaz and Al-Ahsa. By 1920s a a few(prenominal) private schools began offering non-religious subjects in just about major cities and larger towns. In the beginning of 1951 a network of supplementary schools was set up. The ministry of Education was ratifyed in 1954 and prince Fahd Bin Abd al-Aziz became the first minister. The first non al one and only(a) religious university was opened up in 1957. In spite of the strong opposition of the conservatives of the Saudi clan the public education for girls began in 1964. The Ministry of Higher Education was established in 1975, and the learning plans of 1970s and 1980s characterized remarkable emergence in the Education setup, improving Saudi Education system considerably.The literacy rate in Saudi Arabia in 1970 was 15% for men and 2% for women. By 1990 it was 73% for men and 48% for women , and, in 2002 it reached 90.9% and 70.2%, respectively . According to the Central Intelligence Agencys adult male Factbook 2002, the literacy rate in 2002 was estimated at 84.2% for males and 69.5% for females and according to the current facts it stands at 86.6% overall, with male literacy rate at 90.4% and female literacy rate at 81.3%.The reason for the positive results in combating illiteracy can be attributed to politics support and encouragement. Private education institutions and Quran schools proved successful in increasing the literacy rate. The very first broadcast to educate adults, e specificly in terms of reading, was laid down in 1956. Initially, the period of education was reduced to three years, and then after some experimentation, quad years. After this four year timeframe, the student attended a follow-up programme after which a he or she was then eligible for a primary school certificate.Around the mid 1950s, Saudis quickly started to realise that education, and reading in particular, were absolutely vital for the future of their country. Today, they lo ok on in assumption at a well-educated and successful nation. Saudi business is booming, and the rate of attendance at schools has reached 98.7 percent. Meanwhile, rectification work is continuing on educating elderly wad who may bear missed out on previous reading programmes.2.3 Characteristics of Saudi education SystemEducation in Saudi Arabia has four special characteristics an emphasis on Islam, a centralized educational system, separate education for men and women, and state financial support. Islam is the core of each Muslims curriculum, with time each week devoted to the study of the Muslim sacred text, theQuran, Islamic tradition, jurisprudence, and theology from primary through higher education. Religion is not separate from but is a part of the disciplines of education, economics, sociology, psychology, medicine, and law. It is expected that theQuranwill be memorized, interpreted, and applied to all aspects of daily life.The centralized educational system for men is un der the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education and for women, under the General Presidency of Girls Education. All schools at all levels utilize the same methods of instruction, textbooks, evaluation techniques, curricula, and educational policy. As stated in Article 155 of the educational Policy of Saudi Arabia, there is strict separation of the sexes at all levels of education with the exception of kindergarten, nursery, and some private elementary schools, and in some aesculapian schools. The separation of the sexes is related to the respected social status of women accorded to them by Islam. With the exceptions of physical education and home economics, the curricula atomic number 18 the same. The Saudi government is committed to the bourgeonment of education at all costs and maintains exclusive control. Education is free but not compulsory beyond the elementary level. The government provides free tuition, stipends, subsidies, and bonuses to students entering original fie lds of study and to those continuing their education outside the country. Free transportation is provided for female students.2.4 Objectives of Saudi Education PolicyThe objectives of the Saudi educational policy are to ensure that education becomes more efficient, to meet the religious, economic and social needs of the country and to eradicate illiteracy among Saudi adults. The main educational purpose of Saudi education system is a continuation of its Islamic Educational heritage. To prepare highly qualified individuals, scientifically and intellectually, so that they can perform their best in order to benefit their country and the development of their Nation. To play a positive role in the field of scientific research in order to result to the global progress in arts, science and inventions. To translate the scientific knowledge to the language of Quran (Arabic) and the development of the wealth of the Arabic language, to meet the needs of Arabization, by making knowledge regai nible to the largest number of people.There are several government agencies involved with planning, administrating and implementing the overall governmental educational policy in Saudi Arabia.The Ministry of Education sets overall standards for the countrys educational system (public and private) and also oversees special education for the handicapped. Early in 2003 the General Presidency for Girls Education was dissolved and its functions were taken over by the Ministry, to administer the girls schools and colleges, deal kindergartens and nursery schools and sponsor literacy programs for females.The Structure and Curriculum of Saudi Public EducationThe Public education in Saudi Arabia, for boys and girls, is dual-lane into three levels elementary, intermediate, and secondary. Also, there is optional kindergarten level. The school year at all three levels consists of two semesters, which are fifteen weeks long. Classes per week vary from 28 to 33 class. The length of each class is 45 minutes. Passing the exam at the end of the school year is essential for moving to next grade or level. Students who fail need to take an some other test in the subject that was failed. Before the new school year starts, if the student fails again, he needs to echo the grade.Elementary EducationElementary education consists of six grades. Students start at the age of six. (May accept 3 months or 4 in Gregorian calendar- slight than 6). Elementary education focuses mainly on Islamic religion and the Arabic language mathematics, history, geography, and science.2.7 Elementary School Curriculum2.8 Intermediate EducationPassing the ordinal grade examinations is required to enter the intermediate level. The age of the intermediate student is between 12 and 15 years old. Students in the intermediate level study, anyway Islamic and Arabic language courses, more general education courses. Completion of the third year of the intermediate level and passing the examination, students can select one of three options (1) regular secondary school, (2) vocational education, (3) Quranic schools.2.9 Intermediate School Curriculum petty(a) EducationBefore 1937, there was no secondary-level education in Saudi Arabia. The first high school was the Saudi Institution opened in 1926. The real beginning of secondary education coincides with the development of the Foreign Mission propaedeutic school in 1937. The initial purpose of this school was to prepare Saudi students for higher education in Egyptian universities. The curricula were similar to the Egyptian curricula and most of the teachers were from Egypt. Secondary education is three-year program. The economic development in the oil sector in 1950s and 1960s led to dramatic industrial and commercial evolution in Saudi Arabia. The need for an immediate reform of the secondary education system and more secondary schools became clear. The Saudi Supreme Committee of Education embarked on a large-scale expansion of the Saudi education system, which was influenced by the American education system. There are now three types of secondary education available in Saudi ArabiaQuranic school, (2) general (academic) school, and (3) vocational (professional) school.The first Quranic high school opened in 1977. General high school follows a general curriculum in the first year. Then, each student specializes in either liberal arts or science for the next two years. The general high school curriculum has been changed several times, as educational policymakers and curriculum planners have determined that the curriculum did not meet individuals and national needs. The Ministry of Education established the first comprehensive secondary school in 1975, as an experimental modern high school in the city of Riyadh. In 1977 and 1978, they opened three more schools in other cities round the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The intent in establishing these schools wasTo prepare students for real life by affording them with the knowl edge and skills they need for employment,To meet the needs of both individuals and groups in society,To allow students to select the courses and activities that they need,To offer students access to an academic adviser to guide and help them during their studies.Because of the need to expand secondary education and include additional academic programs and areas of study, the comprehensive secondary education program was replaced by developed secondary education in 1983. This school allowed students to choose the courses that correspond to their interests, as well as developing a high school structure which allows students to experience different activities. Saudi educational policymakers phased the developed high school plan out in 1993 because of the negative social consequences for both students and the society.Higher EducationHigher education became the focus of Saudi Education system when country embarked on its development rise in 1970s. The oldest university in Saudi Arabia w as opened in 1957 as Riyadh university which was renamed as King Saud university in 1982. In the academic year 2007-2008 the university had 42,312 students (Albaikan, 2010). There were only two universities in Riyadh, King Saud university (KSU) and Al-Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic university until 2004 when the first women university was established by combining women colleges. The ministry of Higher Education was established in Saudi Arabia in 1975 to supervise and regulate the higher education in the country. The ministrys major objective was to establish new higher education institutions throughout the country and expand the existing ones and to puzzle and renew the undergraduate and post-graduate programmes in most disciplines in these universities and colleges. Saudi universities and higher education institutions offer Diplomas, Bachelors, Masters and PHD degrees in various humanities and scientific specializations. A Bachelor degree requires four years study programme in the field of Humanities and Social Sciences and five to six years in the field of Engineering, Medicine and Pharmacy. The medium of instruction in science and technological fields is English, while the other subjects are taught in Arabic.Saudi universities have been increased in number from eight public universities to twenty one since 2004 (Ministry of Higher Education, 2008) Most of these universities were pre-established colleges, which were later upgraded to the status of universities. A large number of vocational institutes and private colleges have been established more recently, such as The Prince Sultan University and Arabic Open University. A considerable amount of annual budget is allocated for these higher Education institutions by the Saudi political relation to ensure their smooth working and continuous advancement, For instance the budget in 2010 spent $36.7 billion on education and reading out of $146 billion total budget. The Higher Education budget of 2010 covered f unding for establishing new universities across Saudi Arabia and the expansion of the existing ones and increasing the students enrollment in Higher Education and scholarship programmes abroad. There are approximately more than 80.000 Saudi students studying at Higher education universities around the world with Government scholarships. Moreover, The worlds largest Women University, The Princess Nora Bint AbdulRahman University, was inaugurated in the first quarter of the year 2011 by the then King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia, at the outskirts of the capital city Riyadh. The university has the capacity of accommodating 50.000 students and aims to improve womens access to courses such as Business and Science. The university has its own teaching Hospital , state of the art laboratories and libraries.The Movement to transform the Saudi society into a Knowledge order was emphasized by the Minister of Higher Education in a speech, during the First Higher Education Symposium held in March 2 010The premises of Higher Education development adopted by the Ministryare based on specified fundamentals, most important of them issupporting Saudi society be transformed into a knowledge society. Oneof the most important means to achieve this transformation is to developand employ a view of knowledge economy where knowledge is produced,disseminated and at last consumed at various community productsand service works. Toward this there was collaboration with universitiesto build real and realistic partnerships with production and servicessector, both governmental and private whether local anesthetic or international.Such move is justified in a view of a university or educational institution role as a look of a balance stroked between producing knowledge and utilization of this produced knowledge, education outputthat is fit for national development needs and those needs of labourmarket. Such rapprochement highlights the real role and the positivereflection of universities and Hig her Education organizations at servingtheir communities, not forgetting too their pioneering role at educatingand conducting research. (Ministry of Higher Education Portal, 2010) (para. 7)The implement of lucre In Saudi Education SystemSaudi Arabian citizens were enabled to access Internet in the year 1999 for the first time. According to the Communications and breeding Technology Commission (2007) There were approximately 200.000 Internet users in Saudi Arabia in December 2000, the number which rose to 2.54 million users by the year 2005 and by 2007 it jumped up to 6.4 million users, making it nearly one third of the Saudi population which is approximately 24 million (Albaikan, 2010) The major reason for this rapid growth is that around 60% of Saudi population comprises of young people who are in their twenties or even younger (ArRiyadh Development authority, 2007) and they are adapting to the latest technologies faster than expected (Albaikan,2010). It is expected that Internet use will continue to grow In Saudi Arabia at the same pace, hence, raising the issue of incorporating methodologies to provide new learning strategies that include use of technology.In the major cities of Saudi Arabia, the residential, business and metropolitan areas including universities have been provided with the Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) recently.asynchronous virtual learning is used in the country due to the limitation in the bandwidth. The manager of Al-Dawalij company (Saudi Educational Software Producing Company) said supporting his view that his company has stopped producing online educational material for schools because of the network connection problems that prevented schools accessing that material (Albaikan, 2010). Therefore their soft wares and products are only available on CDs and DVDs (Abu-Hassana Woodcock, 2006). The ministry of Higher Education of Saudi Arabia has encouraged the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education sector, providing development projects to establish adequate IT infrastructure and content development for students seeking Higher education. Recently some universities and institutions have also been provided Commercial learning Management Systems such as blackboards, white boards, WebCT and Tadarus (Arabic Language Learning Management System) to allay online teaching and learning. However, the number of instructors and lecturers who utilize these systems is limited, due to the lack of sufficient training workshops and practice.King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM) and King AbdulAziz University (KAU), established E=learning centers a few years ago, that provide assistance to their lecturers to develop interactive web-based supplementary material for traditional courses (Albaikan, 2010). The KAU, was the first Saudi university that employed a virtual learning environment, by offering online Bachelor degree. However in August 2007, the Islamic University of Al-Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud began offering a distance learning program that delivers instructions entirely through the Internet (Albaikan,2010), but only a few universities up till now have begun implementing E-learning for their distance learning programmes and offer online courses. To further aid and assist the development of education system, the Ministry of Higher Education of Saudi Arabia has established the National plan for Information technology which encourages the E-learning and distance learning for higher education. The National Centre for E-learning and place learning was established in 2006, to support E-learning and blended learning implementation in universities (Albaikan, 2010). The National centre provides tools, technical support and the necessary means for the development of digital education content for Higher education through out the country. Due to the lack of adequately trained lecturers and the ever-rising number of students, The National Centre of E-learning and outmatch Learning has started various programmes that aim to enhance E-learning in Saudi universities. The principal goals and objectives of the National centre for E-learning, 2008 wereTo work across all Higher Education Institutions to develop a national and international E-learning infrastructure.To develop infrastructures for the centre.To establish awareness of E-learning programmes.To provide full E-learning solutions to atleast three strategic partners by the end of 2010.To collaborate with Higher Education, government and corporate partners to provide solutions for complex E-learning problems.To develop new E-learning projects.To develop rules and regulations to supervise and govern E-learning programmes in Saudi Arabia.To establish alliance with with atleast two international E-learning bodies to appoint E-learning resources.King Saud University, King Abdulaziz University, Baha University, Taiba University, Qassim University and Madinah Islamic University all have memorand a of understanding with the Ministry to introduce the E-learning scheme as per the ministrys instructions. (Albaikan, 2010) The National centre of E-learning has established a training programme for academics in the universities who want to adopt e-learning. A digital repository called, Maknaz has also been started by the centre, it will contain various educational content such as learning objects, which can be uploaded and modified by lecturers and retrieved by students.Jusur, The Learning Management system was created in 2007 to provide the learning management features in Arabic for Saudi institutions. Jusur is an user-friendly system and it has already been upgraded to the second version within a year of its innovation. The system provides online help desk and support, allowing people to send in their queries, using an online ticket for technical assistance and receive a prompt reply in their email accounts. Jasurs website also offers printed manuals specifically for students and lecturers both.SummaryThis chapter has covered the background of the Saudi education system and the important factors that influence it. The general structure, characteristics and curriculum of Saudi education system have been highlighted in the chapter. This chapter also explained the use of profit in the context of Saudi education system, the developing role of ICT in it and the role of the Centre of E-learning and Distance Learning has also been discussed. Saudi Arabia is still air to respond to the technological evolution in Education. It has only been fifty years when the first university was established with only twenty one students, today the country proudly hosts twenty one public universities and a number of private universities along with the worlds largest women university. Female education is given considerable priority and the focus is on to establish quality learning conducive environments for face to face and E-learning.

Love And Rejection: Breaking Up :: essays research papers

Love and Rejection Breaking UpSome felt they were a modern day Romeo and Juliet. The reality,however, is that they were a heartbreaking example of what can go faulty withadolescents.Christian Dalvia, 14 and Maryling Flores, 13 were sweethearts who wereforbidden by Flores mother to curb each other. In early November, 1995, theyoung couple met one last time. Standing at the edge of a Florida canal, theyjoined hands and jumped 15 feet into the cold, miry water to their deaths.Their deaths may sound romantic, even heroic to other teenagers when, inactuality, its just plain stupid. in that respect were probably many other reasons fortheir deaths, but ultimately, the conceit of not being together tortured to thepoint of wanting to take their own lives. This is a very extreme example ofwhat can go wrong with teenage heartbreak. One minute theyre inseperable -sharing their most intimate thoughts and details - the next minute they arefaces across a crowded room or polite acquaintances at best. These are theconsequences that come along with a breakup.We teens hear about love all around us, in music and movies, on TV, instories. We hear that love will make us happy. We hear that single people arelonely. We are told that if we are not part of a couple, we are not complete.We all want to be part of this thing called love.Okay, we get a boyfriend or girlfriend, now everything should be perfect.But, its not perfect, because life never is. It is easy to becomedisappointed. Feelings can change. One person may decide to say good-bye.When that happens, the one left behind will feel rejected.Rejection means choosing between one thing and another. The one whofeels rejected thinks as if they are not good enough. It hurts. When theperson you love decides to leave you, it is even more painful. Does rejectionmean failure? No. The end of a relationship means that the boyfriend orgirlfriend decided that s/he wanted a change. The reasons for this are deep downthe ex - not within the rejected person. No one is a less valuable personbecause their boyfriend or girlfriends feelings have changed. What To ExpectThere are nine stages of rejection that almost all dumpees must gothrough. The pain may be awful, but each stage is part of the healing process.The stages may not follow in an exact order, but they will all be experienced.The Denial Phase This cant be happening. During this stage, people mayfind themselves wait for the phone to ring and not believing that the

The Homeless in Our Community Essay -- Homelessness In Our Community,

Table of ContentsLiterature Review 3Methodology 5Findings 6Summary 8Works Cited/Works Used 9Appendix Survey Form 11LITERATURE REVIEWIn this development behavior instruction, our group examines the quotidian educationresources, needs, and behaviors of the homeless. Literature research has led us to manykey resources. Important literature on our topic includes Everyday nurture Needsand Information Sources of Homeless Parents, The Homeless and Information Needs andServices, and Are the economically poor study poor? Does the digital divide affectthe homeless and access to information? by Julie Hersberger, and The Impoverished LifeWorldof Outsiders and Framing Social Life in Theory and Research by ElfredaChatman.The fundamental concepts in the literature show that a study must have adefinition of homelessness and information poverty, address the everyday informationneeds and services of the homeless, identify misconceptions virtually how the homelessview and recitation infor mation, and discuss information behaviors and barriers for thehomeless.The homeless are a growing population in the United States. As the gap betweenthe wealthy and poor increases, much people find themselves overwhelmed and displacedwithout a permanent residence, financial stability, or social networks, such as family,friends, and/or public assistance. Generally, homelessness in America is a end ofunaffordable housing, family fragmentation, domestic violence, mental illness, healthproblems, addictions, unemployment, or a combination of several of these issues1(Hersberger, 2001, p. 119).Research has concluded that homeless people in their everyday lives areassessing their information needs in... ....What kinds of everyday information are you interested inencountering here?23.How useful is what you learn at this place1) Not Applicable2) Not reusable3) Somewhat Useful4) Very Useful5) Cant Do Without24. Is the information you encounter mostly trivial or good for making authorised o r big decisions?1) Trivial2) Big Decision3) Small Decision4) All5) Other 1525.What would make it easier for you and others to share usefulinformation at this place?26.What are the drawbacks to getting information at this place?27.How important is this place as a means to get help for informationabout everyday life?1) Most important2) Somewhat important3) Not very important4) Not important28. What is your next best place for information?29. Is there anything youd like to add about what youve just told me?30. Gender31.Age32.THANK YOU